Aldrebi Ziad Ahmad
Aldrebi Ziad Ahmad

Альдреби Зиад Ахмад Aldrebi Ziad Ahmad
Ph.D. (in Civil Engineering), Researcher, Lecturer-researcher, Civil engineer, “Emperor Alexander I St. Petersburg State Transport University”. Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation


Publications

Preparation for the restoration of building structures of Palmyra’s architectural monuments in Syria affected by the war
Issue: #3-2023
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Introduction. The historical architectural monuments of world significance of the city of Palmyra in Syria, which are included in the UNESCO World Heritage List, such as the Monumental (Triumphal) Arch, the Temple of Bel, and the Temple of Baalshamin are described. The history of their creation in the city of Palmyra, their significance for the inhabitants of Palmyra of that period and destruction from past earthquakes and during hostilities since 2015 are given. The importance of these monuments for the country and the world community is indicated, which was the reason for their choice as objects for research.

Aim. The research is intended to contribute to the restoration of these masterpieces of world architecture, which have existed for a little less than two millennia.

Materials and methods. A kind of certification of architectural monuments on the territory of Palmyra was carried out using the visual method of studying the state of objects. A detailed description and characteristics of the above-mentioned objects built as a synthesis of Greco-Roman and ancient Near Eastern architecture are given. The distinctive features and dimensions of building structures are described, plans, sections and photographs of objects before and after destruction are given for their subsequent reconstruction virtually in 3D. To improve the accuracy of three-dimensional models, various projects of 3D models of Palmyra’s architectural monuments, created by various scientists and organizations, were collected.

Results. The states of the architectural monuments of Palmyra before and after the destruction were recorded, followed by their reconstruction in 3D for future restoration.

Conclusions. Conclusions are drawn about the expediency of restoring the architectural monuments of Palmyra, since they are of great importance for the entire world community, and many of them are included in the UNESCO World Heritage List.

Most suitable types of seismic isolation for use in old mosques in Syria
Issue:
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The article discusses the most suitable base
isolation bearings from the author's point of view for use in the buildings of
old mosques in Syria, which are designed to protect such buildings from the
effects of earthquakes that can occur at any time. Especially since many of
such buildings have an architectural and cultural value, and are included in
the world heritage list of UNESCO. Elastomeric
bearings with high energy dissipation capacity (HDRB), elastomeric bearings
with lead cores (LDRB), single friction pendulum, double friction pendulum and
triple friction pendulum sliding (FPS) bearings are considered. What they
consist of, their characteristics. Three, mosques in Syria that are of a great
value from the point of view of architecture and cultural heritage are listed
and described, and conclusions are drawn.

Historical Masonry Towers: Overview, Seismic Vulnerability, Behavior During an Earthquake, Seismic Strengthening
Issue: #6 2020
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The article provides an overview of historic masonry towers such as the minarets of mosques, bell towers of churches, clock towers, leaning towers, so-called "falling towers" and ruined towers. It was considered what kind of masonry, what kind of mortars the Romans, the ancient Egyptians, the Inca and Mayan cultures in America used. Some aspects of seismic vulnerability of masonry towers were studied. The modes of destruction of thin masonry structures, mechanisms of destruction of masonry in
towers are considered, the seismic behavior of historical masonry towers are
considered, and one of the methods of seismic strengthening using an innovative "smart"
material is presented. 

INCREASING THE RESISTANCE OF MOSQUE MINARETS AGAINST SEISMIC AND WIND IMPACTS BY USING TUNED MASS DAMPERS
Issue: №4 2020
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The article provides
an overview of the use of tuned mass dampers (TMD) in some of the most famous
buildings and structures around the world for nearly three decades. The article
also discusses the use of tuned mass dampers when increasing the seismic
resistance of mosque minarets and enhancing their resistance to wind action. An
example is given of the possible use of such dampers in the minaret of the Great Mosque
of Aleppo in Syria, using as an example the parameters and characteristics of the
devastating earthquake that occurred back in 1995 in the city of Kobe in Japan.
The optimal characteristics of the components of the tuned mass damper used to
enhance the stability of the minaret of the aforementioned mosque against
seismic and wind impact have been selected. The results of the analysis are
obtained and conclusions are drawn.

Seismic Hazard of the Territory of Syria
Issue: №6 2019
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In Syria there are a large number of architectural monuments, buildings and structures that have suffered as a result of past earthquakes and hostilities, such as the Great Mosque in Aleppo, the castle of Krak de Chevalier in the province of Homs, the triumphal arch in the city of Palmyra, etc. The situation is exacerbated the fact that a certain number of existing buildings and structures in Syria does not meet the modern requirements of anti-seismic construction. Therefore, information about the seismicity of Syria is very important for the preservation of monuments of architecture, buildings and structures in this country. For this purpose, the author conducted an analysis of the seismological situation in Syria. The data of historical and instrumental earthquakes in this territory were studied, a table with seismicity was compiled, by analogy with situational seismicity in the Russian Federation, for some large cities in Syria. Values of peak ground acceleration (PGA) were obtained for various earthquake recurrence periods.

The Method of Calculation of Religious Buildings, Taking into Account their Occupancy in Relation to the Mosques at the Middle East
Issue: №2 2019
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This article discusses the method of calculating mosques, taking into account the possible accumulation of a large number of people during religious events. The distribution of the number of people during the operation of the mosque is obtained and the coefficients of the combination of seismic load and the number of people present in the mosque are established. Combination coefficients were calculated for a seismically dangerous region of territory of the Syrian Arab Republic. The calculation of economic and social risks was also performed. An example of the calculation of the Great Mosque in the city of Aleppo is given.

Analysis of the Damage of the Architectural Monuments of Syria Resulted From Earthquakes and Hostilities
Issue:
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This article discusses the analysis of damage received, architectural monuments on the territory of Syria: Castle of Krak des Chevaliers; the Great Umayyad Mosque in Aleppo; the Great Mosque in Maarat al-Numan; Triumphal Arch in Palmyra, Colonnade street in Palmyra; Mosque Omar in Bosra as a result of past earthquakes and the fighting that began in 2011. 

Strengthening the security of Syrian architectural monuments with the help of seismic isolation technologies in order to reduce the negative impact of earthquakes on the psyche of people
Issue: #4-2022
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The article provides a definition of an earthquake and the causes of its occurrence, describes the types of seismic waves, which are divided into longitudinal and transverse. Three seismic intensity scales are compared, namely the modified Mercalli seismic scale, the 2017 seismic intensity scale, and the Japanese seismic scale. The following is a review of the negative impacts of earthquakes on the building, damage to various buildings in different countries as a result of an earthquake, the occurrence of such phenomena as landslides, soil liquefaction and rupture of the earth's crust, also as a result of an earthquake. The negative impact of earthquakes on the psyche and behavior of people, which causes panic, fear and seismophobia in humans, is considered. Further, it is proposed to use seismic isolation of buildings to reduce the negative impacts of earthquakes on people and buildings, using the example of the Great Mosque of Aleppo in Syria, which is an architectural monument and is included in the UNESCO World Heritage List. The description of the seismicity of the territory of Syria and the city of Aleppo is given, the High Damping Rubber Bearings (HDRB) proposed for use for seismic isolation of the mosque building are described. Formulas are given for calculating various parameters of such HDRB for their subsequent correct selection, depending on the forces acting on the building structures of the building. At the end, conclusions are drawn.

Seismic Resistance of Historic Buildings with Timber Frame and Stone Infill in Europe
Issue: #3-2022
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This article provides an overview of the traditional types of buildings that use a stone-filled timber frame found in Italy, Portugal, Turkey, Greece, Spain, etc. and considers their seismic resistance. Although the structures differ from each other in terms of details, their structural system is basically the same: the timber structural system bears mostly horizontal loads, while the masonry supports vertical gravity loads. This study includes a brief account of the seismicity of each country where this type of timber-stone frame building occurs and a description of the structural systems of these buildings is given, cases proving their seismic resistance are described, and conclusions are drawn.